1. Gabatarwa

Antimony, a matsayin muhimmin ƙarfe mara ƙarfe, ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin masu kashe wuta, gami, semiconductor da sauran filayen. Duk da haka, maganin antimony a cikin yanayi yakan kasance tare da arsenic, wanda ke haifar da babban abun ciki na arsenic a cikin danyen antimony wanda ke tasiri sosai da aiki da aikace-aikacen samfuran antimony. Wannan labarin yana gabatar da hanyoyi daban-daban don cirewar arsenic a cikin tsaftataccen ɗanyen antimony, gami da pyrometallurgical refining, hydrometallurgical refining, da electrolytic refining, bayyana ka'idodin su, tafiyar matakai, yanayin aiki, da fa'idodi / rashin amfani.

2. Gyaran Pyrometallurgical don Cire Arsenic

2.1 Hanyar Gyaran Alkali

2.1.1 Ka'ida

Hanyar tace alkaline tana kawar da arsenic dangane da halayen arsenic da alkali na ƙarfe don samar da arsenates. Babban daidaitawar amsawa:
2As + 3Na₂CO₃ → 2Na₃AsO₃ + 3CO↑
4As + 5O₂ + 6Na₂CO₃ → 4Na₃AsO₄ + 6CO₂↑

2.1.2 Tsari Tsari

1. Shirye-shiryen albarkatun kasa: Murkushe danyen antimony a cikin ɓangarorin 5-10mm kuma a haɗa su da soda ash (Na₂CO₃) a yawan adadin 10:1
2. Warkarwa: Zafi a cikin tanderun da ke juyawa zuwa 850-950 ° C, riƙe na tsawon sa'o'i 2-3
3. Oxidation: Gabatar da matsa lamba (0.2-0.3MPa), yawan kwarara 2-3m³/(h·t)
4. Samuwar Slag: Ƙara adadin gishiri mai dacewa (NaNO₃) azaman oxidant, kashi 3-5% na nauyin antimony
5. Cire Slag: Bayan daidaitawa na mintuna 30, cire slag saman
6. Maimaita aiki: Maimaita tsarin da ke sama sau 2-3

2.1.3 Sarrafa Ma'aunin Tsari

• Ikon zafin jiki: Mafi kyawun zafin jiki 900± 20°C
• Adadin Alkali: Daidaita bisa ga abun ciki na arsenic, yawanci 8-12% na nauyin antimony
• Lokacin Oxidation: 1-1.5 hours ta sake zagayowar iskar shaka

2.1.4 Ingantaccen Cire Arsenic

Za a iya rage abun ciki na arsenic daga 2-5% zuwa 0.1-0.3%

2.2 Hanyar Haɗawar Oxidative

2.2.1 Ka'ida

Yana amfani da siffa cewa arsenic oxide (As₂O₃) ya fi ƙarfin wuta fiye da antimony oxide. Kamar yadda ₂O₃ ke canzawa a 193°C kawai, yayin da Sb₂O₃ na buƙatar 656°C.

2.2.2 Tsari Tsari

1. Oxidative smelting: zafi a cikin rotary kiln zuwa 600-650 ° C tare da gabatarwar iska.
2. Maganin iskar gas: Tsoka kuma murmurewa As₂O₃
3. Rage narkewa: Rage sauran kayan a 1200 ° C tare da coke
4. Refining: Ƙara ƙaramin adadin soda ash don ƙarin tsarkakewa

2.2.3 Mabuɗin Maɓalli

• Yawan Oxygen: 21-28%
• Lokacin zama: 4-6 hours
• Gudun jujjuyawar kiln: 0.5-1r/min

3. Gyaran Ruwan Ruwa don Cire Arsenic

3.1 Hanyar Leaching na Alkali Sulfide

3.1.1 Ka'ida

Yana amfani da siffa cewa arsenic sulfide yana da mafi girma solubility a cikin alkali sulfide mafita fiye da antimony sulfide. Babban martani:
As₂S₃ + ​​3Na₂S → 2Na₃AsS₃
Sb₂S₃ + ​​Na₂S → Insoluble

3.1.2 Tsari Tsari

1. Sulfidation: Mix danye antimony foda tare da sulfur a 1: 0.3 taro rabo, sulfidize a 500 ° C na 1 hour
2. Leaching: Yi amfani da 2mol/L Na₂S bayani, ruwa mai ƙarfi rabo 5:1, motsawa a 80 ° C na 2 hours
3. Tace: Tace tare da latsa tacewa, saura shine ƙarancin arsenic antimony maida hankali
4. Farfadowa: Gabatar da H₂S cikin tacewa don sabunta Na₂S

3.1.3 Yanayin Tsari

• Na₂S maida hankali: 1.5-2.5mol/L
• Tsarin pH: 12-13
• Ingantaccen Leaching: As> 90%, Sb asarar <5%

3.2 Hanyar Leaching Oxidative

3.2.1 Ka'ida

Yana amfani da iskar oxygen mafi sauƙi a cikin yanayin acidic, ta amfani da oxidants kamar FeCl₃ ko H₂O₂ don narkar da zaɓi.

3.2.2 Tsari Tsari

1. Leaching: A cikin 1.5mol/L HCl bayani, ƙara 0.5mol/L FeCl₃, ruwa-m rabo 8:1
2. Ikon sarrafawa: Kula da yuwuwar iskar oxygen a 400-450mV (vs.SHE)
3. Rabuwar ruwa mai ƙarfi: Vacuum tacewa, aika tacewa zuwa dawo da arsenic
4. Wankewa: Wanke ragowar tacewa sau 3 tare da dilute hydrochloric acid

4. Hanyar Refining Electrolytic

4.1 Ka'ida

Yana amfani da bambance-bambancen iyawar ajiya tsakanin antimony (+0.212V) da arsenic (+0.234V).

4.2 Tsari Tsari

1. Anode shiri: Cast danye antimony cikin 400 × 600 × 20mm anode faranti
2. Abubuwan da aka haɗa na lantarki: Sb³⁺ 80g/L, HCl 120g/L, ƙari (gelatin) 0.5g/L
3. Yanayin Electrolysis:
   • Girman halin yanzu: 120-150A/m²
   • Wutar lantarki: 0.4-0.6V
   • Zazzabi: 30-35 ° C
   • Nisan Electrode: 100mm
4. Zagayowar: Cire daga tantanin halitta kowane kwanaki 7-10

4.3 Manufofin Fasaha

• Cathode antimony tsarki: ≥99.85%
• Yawan cire arsenic:> 95%
• Ingancin halin yanzu: 85-90%

5. Fasahar Cire Arsenic masu tasowa

5.1 Vacuum Distillation

Ƙarƙashin 0.1-10Pa, yana amfani da bambancin matsa lamba (Kamar: 133Pa a 550 ° C, Sb yana buƙatar 1000 ° C).

5.2 Plasma Oxidation

Yana amfani da ƙananan zafin jiki na plasma (5000-10000K) don zaɓin arsenic oxidation, ɗan gajeren lokacin sarrafawa (minti 10-30), ƙarancin kuzari.

6. Tsarin Kwatancen da Shawarwari na Zaɓi

Shawarwari na zaɓi:

• Abincin arsenic mai girma (As> 3%): Fi son leaching alkali sulfide
• Matsakaicin arsenic (0.5-3%): Gyaran alkaline ko lantarki
• Ƙananan buƙatun tsabta na arsenic: An ba da shawarar tacewa ta hanyar lantarki

7. Kammalawa

Cire arsenic daga danyen antimony yana buƙatar cikakken la'akari da halayen albarkatun ƙasa, buƙatun samfur, da tattalin arziki. Hanyoyin pyrometallurgical na al'ada suna da babban iko amma mahimmancin matsa lamba na muhalli; hanyoyin hydrometallurgical suna da ƙarancin ƙazanta amma tsawon tafiyar matakai; Hanyoyin electrolytic suna samar da tsabta mai girma amma suna cinye karin makamashi. Hanyoyin ci gaba na gaba sun haɗa da:

1. Haɓaka ingantattun abubuwan daɗaɗɗen haɗaɗɗiya
2. Haɓaka matakan haɗakar matakai da yawa
3. Inganta amfani da albarkatun arsenic
4. Rage amfani da makamashi da gurɓataccen iska