Matakai da sigogi na tsarin Cadmium

I. Maganin Kayan Danye Kafin A Yi Maganinsa da Tsarkakewa Na Farko

1. "Shiri na Abinci Mai Tsabta na Cadmium"

• "Wankewa da Acid‌: A nutsar da sinadarin cadmium na masana'antu a cikin ruwan nitric acid mai kashi 5%-10% a zafin 40-60°C na tsawon awanni 1-2 domin cire sinadarin oxides da ƙazanta na ƙarfe. A wanke da ruwan da aka cire daga ion har sai pH ɗinsa ya yi tsaka-tsaki sannan a yi amfani da injin tsotsar ruwa.
• "Ruwan Hydrometallurgical‌: A yi amfani da sinadarin sulfuric acid (15-20% na sinadarin cadmium) a zafin 80-90°C na tsawon awanni 4-6, a samu ingancin cire sinadarin cadmium daga jiki. A tace sannan a zuba garin zinc (sau 1.2-1.5 na stoichiometric ratio) domin a samu sinadarin cadmium mai kauri.

1. "Narkewa da Zane"

• A zuba cadmium mai kauri a cikin graphite crucibles mai tsafta, a narke a ƙarƙashin yanayin argon a zafin 320-350°C, sannan a zuba a cikin molds na graphite don sanyaya a hankali. A samar da ingots masu yawa ≥8.65 g/cm³

II. Gyaran Yanki

1. "Kayan aiki da Sigogi"

• Yi amfani da tanderun narkewa na yankin da ke iyo a kwance tare da faɗin yankin narkakken na 5-8 mm, saurin wucewa na 3-5 mm/h, da kuma wucewar tacewa 8-12. Yanayin zafin jiki: 50-80°C/cm; injin tsotsa ≤10⁻³ Pa‌
• "Rarraba Kazanta‌: Yankin da aka maimaita yana wuce gubar mai ƙarfi, zinc, da sauran ƙazanta a wutsiyar ingot. Cire sashin ƙarshe mai cike da ƙazanta na 15-20%, don cimma matsakaicin tsarki ≥99.999%

1. "Maɓallan Sarrafawa"

• Zafin yankin da aka narkar: 400-450°C (dan kadan sama da wurin narkewar cadmium na 321°C);
• Saurin sanyaya: 0.5-1.5°C/min don rage lahani a cikin lattice;
• Yawan kwararar argon: 10-15 L/min don hana iskar shaka

III. Tacewar Electrolytic

1. "Tsarin Electrolyte"

• Haɗin electrolyte: Cadmium sulfate (CdSO₄, 80-120 g/L) da sulfuric acid (pH 2-3), tare da ƙara gelatin 0.01-0.05 g/L don haɓaka yawan ajiyar cathode‌

1. "Sigogi na Tsarin Aiki"

• Anode: Farantin cadmium na ɗanyen mai; Cathode: Farantin titanium;
• Yawan wutar lantarki: 80-120 A/m²; Ƙarfin tantanin halitta: 2.0-2.5 V;
• Zafin lantarki: 30-40°C; Tsawon Lokaci: awanni 48-72; Tsarkakakkiyar Cathode ≥99.99%‌

IV. Rage Rage Injin Tsaftacewa

1. "Rage Zafi Mai Tsanani da Rabuwa"

• Sanya ingots na cadmium a cikin tanderu mai injin tsotsa (matsin lamba ≤10⁻² Pa), a zuba hydrogen a matsayin mai rage zafi, sannan a dumama zuwa 800-1000°C don rage sinadarin cadmium oxides zuwa gaseous cadmium. Zafin mai narkar da iskar gas: 200-250°C; Tsabta ta ƙarshe ≥99.9995%

1. "Ingancin Cire Najasa"

• Ragowar gubar, jan ƙarfe, da sauran ƙazanta na ƙarfe ≤0.1 ppm;
• Yawan iskar oxygen ≤5 ppm‌

V. Czochralski Ci gaban Crystal Guda ɗaya

1. "Tsarin Narkewa da Shiri na Gilashin Iri"

• A zuba sinadarin cadmium mai tsafta sosai a cikin mazubin quartz mai tsafta sosai, a narke a ƙarƙashin argon a zafin 340-360°C. A yi amfani da tsaba cadmium mai haske guda ɗaya da ke ƙasa da 100> (diamita 5-8 mm), a sanya a cikin zafin 800°C don kawar da damuwa ta ciki

1. "Sigogi na Jawo na Crystal"

• Gudun jan: 1.0-1.5 mm/min (matakin farko), 0.3-0.5 mm/min (ci gaban da ya dace);
• Juyawan Crucible: 5-10 rpm (juyawa ta akasin haka);
• Canjin yanayin zafi: 2-5°C/mm; Canjin yanayin zafi mai ƙarfi da ruwa ≤±0.5°C‌

1. "Dabaru na Mayar da Lalacewa"

• "Taimakon Filin Magnetic‌: A shafa filin maganadisu na 0.2-0.5 T don danne rugujewar narkewa da rage gurɓataccen datti;
• "Sanyaya Mai Sarrafawa‌: Yawan sanyaya bayan girma na 10-20°C/h yana rage lahani na katsewar wuri da damuwa ta zafi ke haifarwa.

VI. Bayan Sarrafawa da Kula da Inganci

1. "Injin Crystal"

• "Yankan‌: Yi amfani da yanka na waya mai lu'u-lu'u don yanka su zuwa wafers mai girman 0.5-1.0 mm a gudun waya na 20-30 m/s;
• "Gogewa‌: Gogewar sinadarai ta injiniya (CMP) tare da cakuda nitric acid-ethanol (rabo na vol. 1:5), cimma daidaiton saman Ra ≤0.5 nm.

1. "Ma'aunin Inganci"

• "Tsarkaka‌: GDMS (Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry) yana tabbatar da Fe, Cu, Pb ≤0.1 ppm;
• "Juriya‌: ≤5×10⁻⁸ Ω·m (tsarki ≥99.9999%);
• "Tsarin Aljihu‌: Karkacewar <0.5°; Yawan katsewa ≤10³/cm²

VII. Umarnin Inganta Tsarin Aiki

1. "Cirewar Najasa da Aka Yi Niyya"

• Yi amfani da resin musayar ion don zaɓar shaye-shaye na Cu, Fe, da sauransu, tare da tace yanki mai matakai da yawa don cimma tsarkin matakin 6N (99.9999%)‌

1. "Haɓaka Aiki da Kai"

• Algorithms na AI suna daidaita saurin jan hankali, yanayin zafin jiki, da sauransu, suna ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa daga 85% zuwa 93%;
• Ƙara girman tukunyar jirgi zuwa inci 36, yana ba da damar samar da abinci mai tsari ɗaya na 2800 kg, rage amfani da makamashi zuwa 80 kWh/kg

1. "Dorewa da Maido da Albarkatu"

• Sake samar da sharar wanke-wanke ta hanyar musayar ion (Maido da Cd ≥99.5%);
• Maganin iskar shaye-shaye ta hanyar amfani da sinadarin carbon da aka kunna + gogewar alkaline (Maido da tururin Cd ≥98%)‌

Takaitaccen Bayani

Tsarin girma da tsarkakewar kristal na cadmium ya haɗa da fasahar hydrometallurgy, gyaran jiki mai zafi, da fasahar haɓaka kristal daidai. Ta hanyar cire sinadarin acid, sake tace yankin, electrolysis, cirewar injin, da haɓakar Czochralski - tare da sarrafa kansa da ayyukan da suka dace da muhalli - yana ba da damar samar da lu'ulu'u guda ɗaya na cadmium mai ƙarfi na 6N. Waɗannan sun cika buƙatun na'urorin gano nukiliya, kayan photovoltaic, da na'urorin semiconductor na zamani. Ci gaban da za a samu nan gaba zai mayar da hankali kan girman kristal mai girma, rabuwar ƙazanta da aka yi niyya, da kuma samar da ƙarancin carbon.